Century medical history

Century Medical History Report The eighteenth century comprised of a great deal of social and political occasions. A portion of the social happenings that happened In this century were the French and Indian War, the African slave exchange, and many creating Ideas and Inventions were developing all through the world. Numerous clinical happenings were available too. Smallpox was the shopping center across the board malady that influenced the entire world. Creations and disclosures were made to take care of issues or riddles. An Important individual wasEdward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox inoculation. He didn't really Invent It, since it had just existed. She ran an examination on a multi year old kid to test the smallpox antibody. He did this by giving him cowpox first which filled in as a vaccination. Joseph Priestley was a significant figure in the eighteenth century. He found the now called component oxygen. Prior to his revelation, individuals didn't comprehend wh at air wasñ› or what it was made of. He additionally was a specialist, Philosopher and a Chemist. Benjamin Franklin created the bifocals, in spite of the fact that he was significantly known for his work in electrical theory.He set up laws on how power works, how to store and use it. He is additionally popular for his analysis with the kite and key. Rene Lancer designed the Stethoscope. With this he researched sounds made by the heart and lungs, and contrasted it with his finding he got from post-mortem examinations. He likewise composed the main portrayals of bronchitis' and cirrhosis and furthermore characterized lung conditions like pneumonia, pleurisy and emphysema. In conclusion, John Hunter was a specialist of the eighteenth century and is presently known as originator of â€Å"scientific medical procedure. † He made numerous advances in surgeries, while showing life systems and surgery.He additionally first recorded reports on â€Å"tube taking care of. † By gyring The eighteenth century comprised of a ton of social and political occasions. A portion of the social happenings that happened in this century were the French and Indian War, the African slave exchange, and many creating thoughts and innovations were developing the fundamental broad malady that influenced the entire world. Innovations and revelations were made to take care of issues or puzzles. A notable individual was Edward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox inoculation. He didn't really imagine it, inoculation. Joseph Priestley was a significant figure in the eighteenth century. He

Evolution Of The Global Automobile Industry Marketing Essay

Advancement Of The Global Automobile Industry Marketing Essay By the beginning of twentieth century, the interest for vehicles began developing yet the vehicles were as yet costly, on the grounds that these vehicles were made and amassed with hands. Henry Ford presented the unbelievable Ford Model T which was the start of a time, where even white collar class could possess a vehicle. Just because, Fords Model T presented the idea of Assembly line in the vehicle area. The idea of large scale manufacturing high volume low assortment was brought into center and this was made undying by the words said by Henry Ford in his Autobiography where he says, Any client can have a vehicle painted any shading that he needs insofar as it is dark. The time after the First World War was known as the vintage period (1919-1930). The First World War was an achievement, as shut body vehicles was placed into creation during the 1920s and the innovation of programmed transmission was first conceptualized in this period. During the extraordinary despondency in 1930s the quantity of car producers diminished radically and union in the business occurred. The period 1930-45 was a leeway period, with the exception of interest from military powers for staff transport. After the World War II, enormous scope rehabilatation of war desolated economies occurred and this prompted expanded mechanical action and expanded salaries. The improvement of car part observed various patterns in various nations over the world. America was known for assembling power ridden lavish vehicles; Europe was known for assembling conservative vehicles. This was additionally a period when developing degree of world exchange made rivalry from outside producers another reality with which the car firms needed to manage. The cutting edge period of cars (1980-2010) is the time which saw the greatest activity as progressive plans, upgraded execution and expanded eco-friendliness. The oil stuns in 1973, 1980 and 1990s guaranteed that littler and more eco-friendly vehicles came to remain even in the American market, which was known for its enormous vehicles and SUVs. With developing worry the world over about the results of an unnatural weather change, autos running on elective energizes turned into a reality. The overall business achievement of vehicles running on cleaner advances like Toyota Prius showed the confessing all fuel vehicles. VINAY The Global Auto Industry Today Worldwide car center points are situated in different pieces of Europe, America and Asia. For all intents and purposes each significant nation has at least one auto center points. The most extreme number of vehicle centers is in Europe with United Kingdom having 258 centers, trailed by Romania with 197 and Finland with 83 center points. US of America has 47 auto centers and Detroit in the most popular one. Among Asian nations the two India and china have one center point each. A portion of the significant players in the market and the quantity of vehicles sold by them in the year 2009 Organization No. of vehicles sold Toyota 7,234,439 G.M. 6,459,053 Volkswagen 6,067,208 Passage 4,685,394 Hyundai 4,645,776 Downturn and Auto Industry The worldwide vehicle industry was hit hard by the financial emergency of 2008-09 and the impacts are as yet being felt on the business and the creation. In December 2008 U.S. car deals dropped by 37% contrasted with before year. The effect was felt on different organizations over the world however major among them were the top auto organizations of the United States to be specific for Chrysler, General Motors and Ford which were so hit hard that they applied to be rescued by the United States. The vehicle business every year contributes 3.6% for example 500 billion dollars to U.S.As absolute GDP. This 30% decrease in automobile deals would mean a direct 1% decline in the yield of the nation. The car business has an all out work of 8.5 lakhs work power into assembling, and 18 lakhs laborers in car vendors in USA. In December 2008, the car business introduced an intrigue before the administration for 34 billion dollars bailout bundle to abstain from getting bankrupt. In January 2009, the legislature gave out $24.9 billion from the $700 billion of all out bailout subsidize for the Big 3 auto organizations. Battling Recession A portion of the measures taken by different auto organizations and the administration which were essential for the endurance were that the legislature in china decreased its car duties to prod hailing deals which really occurred. Seeing the falling creation numbers, SBI decreased its financing costs on car advances in February 2009.In the initial hardly any long periods of 2009, Tata Motors directed a far reaching showcasing effort declaring the presentation of the Tata Nano. Nano was named the people groups vehicle, and the Tata Motors trusted that the ease would be a favorable position and thought process behind clients to purchase the vehicle regardless of the credit emergency. In contrast to other people, the South Korean automakers considered it to be a chance. The proceeded with development and achievement of korean organizations is a result of the eco-friendly, well-prepared and reasonable vehicles having guarantees and highlights. This pulled in purchasers from over the glob e and that to at such when there was serious monetary downturn, oil costs were raising at a gigantic rate and condition was an issue of worry for one and all. Consequently South Korean car makers gave a solid rivalry to extravagance vehicles and SUVs which were costly and were from Japan, US and German automobile producers. In Europe deals had diminished definitely and perspectives were communicated to help the car business monetarily, especially in France, Germany and Italy. Substitute auto fills Today observing the progressions occurring on the planet everywhere as far as rising oil and gas costs there is a developing pattern among individuals to go for vehicles which are little and smaller and simultaneously have no trade off with the eco-friendliness and execution. Because of these rising concerns and mindfulness among the individuals with respect to an Earth-wide temperature boost and exhaustion of petro fills, auto organizations world over are attempting to utilize interchange powers like Natural gas, Bio diesel and Electric vehicles which are coming up to take into account the necessities of the advanced client. These substitute powers are earth cordial and furthermore effective and conservative than the oil based energizes. ARJUN Development of Indian Automobile Industry During the 1940s and 1950s, the industry was described by communist belief system. The residential automobile industry was vigorously shielded and remote firms were banished from section. The Indian auto organizations launched their organizations by bringing in know-how from remote firms. Hindustan Motors and Tata Engineering were in the matter of assembling and offer of intensity excavators, dumpers, pieces of machinery, and scrubbers. The main traveler vehicles made were the Ambassador by Hindustan Motors and Premier Padmini by Premier Automobiles Ltd. Substantial Commercial Vehicles were fabricated by Tata Engineering and Ashok Leyland. The Leyland Comet transport was being utilized by the vast majority of the state transport companies. During the mid 1960s, the green upset development improved the agribusiness in India. The International Tractor Company of India, a joint endeavor between Mahindra and the International Harvester Company, USA; was set up in 1963, during the green transformation. The economy was ensured, and henceforth there was no advancement. The organizations had restricted licenses to create merchandise. For example, during the 1970s, to purchase a Bajaj bike; a client needed to sit tight for a long time. It was during the 1980s, the industry was getting used to delicensing in the auto part. These arrangements were instrumental in setting up organizations like Swaraj Mazda, a joint endeavor between Punjab Tractor Ltd., Mazda Motor Corporation, Japan Sumitomo Corporation, Japan. Delicensing evacuated the requirements on yield, sources of info, innovation, and area. This helped plants to use on economies of scale, ideal info mixes, and fresher advancements. Household utilization expanded, because of which the plants were furnished with the fundamental boosts to develop, increment profitability and improve quality. State intercession need not generally lead to poor outcomes. Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL) had broad help of the administrators. The Government of India helped MUL in issues like import clearances, land buys and decrease of extract taxes. Bureaucratic help in any case, MUL had significant preferences like economies of scale, first mover advantage, reasonableness, financing plans and administration systems. Since during the 1970s and 1980s, there was high level of security and guideline, the arrangements of the 1990s like advancement prompted a blast in the automobile business. Outside multinationals delivered innovatively predominant merchandise with ensured quality. The household advertise turned out to be progressively serious. Hyundai has developed as the second most significant vehicle producer after Maruti Udyog Ltd. (MUL) (SIAM, 2008). Other significant players like Ford, General Motors, Toyota, and so on have additionally entered the Indian Market. Source: http://www.india-reports.com/articles/Auto-Industry-India-Demand-Growth.aspx The diagram shows a sharp increment in deals of vehicles since 1990s till 2000. The business reacted to the sharp increment sought after through over limit, upgraded RD offices, cutting edge innovation and coordinations. Auto Hubs in India India is said to have three principle center points of car creation. Chennai India was perceived by different organizations as a potential minimal effort base of assembling. One of the first organizations set shop in Quite a while was Hyundai in 1996. It explored for different destinations across India and focused in on Chennai. Today it produces 6,00,000 vehicles consistently. There are numerous different organizations in the car area that are available in and around Chennai. Some noticeable organizations are: Ashok Leyland Caparo gathering Portage BMW Daimler Mitsubishi Hindustan engines Nissan Renault Imperial Enfield The components that made

Why Do People Commit Suicide

Why Do People Commit Suicide Depression Suicide Print Why Do People Commit Suicide? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 30, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Jacqueline Veissid / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression In This Article Table of Contents Expand Depression and Mental Illness Trauma Substance Use Loss Hopelessness Chronic Pain A Burden to Others Social Isolation Cry for Help Accidental Suicide View All Back To Top Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 immediately. Its often difficult to imagine what led a friend, family member, or celebrity to commit suicide. There may have been no clear warning signs, and you may wonder what clues you might have missed. Often, many factors combine to lead to a decision to commit suicide. Its often an act made  during a storm of strong emotions and life stresses rather than after careful consideration. Depression and Mental Illness While there are many factors that can influence a persons decision to commit suicide, the most common one is  severe depression.?? Depression can make people feel great emotional pain  and loss of hope, making them unable to see another way to relieve the pain other than ending their own life. According to the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, depression is present in about half of all suicides. Other mental illnesses besides depression can also play a role in suicide.  For example, a person with schizophrenia  or other illnesses that produce psychosis might be hearing voices that command them to kill themselves.  Bipolar disorder, an illness in which a person experiences alternating periods of high and low moods, can also increase a persons risk for committing suicide.?? Borderline personality disorder  is another condition with a high rate of suicide.  Eating disorders, including anorexia and bulimia, also have a high rate of death by suicide.?? Traumatic Stress A person who has had a traumatic experience, including childhood sexual abuse, rape, physical abuse, or war trauma, is at a  greater risk for suicide, even many years after the trauma.?? In a survey of nearly 6,000 U.S. adults, nearly 22% of people who have been raped had attempted suicide at some point while 23% who experienced physical assault tried to take their own life at some point. Being diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or multiple incidents of trauma raises the risk even further. This is partly because depression is common after trauma and among those with PTSD, causing feelings of helplessness and hopelessness that can lead to suicide. The Connection Between Suicide and PTSD Substance Use and Impulsivity Drugs and alcohol can also influence a person who is feeling suicidal, making them more impulsive and likely to act upon their urges than they would be while sober. Use of drugs and alcohol can contribute to the other reasons people commit suicide, such as the loss of jobs and relationships.?? The rates of substance use and alcohol use disorder are also higher among people with depression and other psychological disorders. Put these together and the risks increase. Loss or Fear of Loss A person may decide to commit suicide when facing a loss or the fear of a loss. These situations can include: Ending a romantic relationship or close friendshipLosing a job or being unemployed and unable to find a sufficient source of steady incomeFinancial problemsLosing social positionLosing your living situation due to financial reasons or the ending of a relationshipAcademic failureLosing social or family acceptance due to revealing your sexual orientationBullying, shaming, or humiliation, including cyberbullyingBeing arrested or imprisoned Hopelessness Hopelessness, either in the short-term or as a longer-lasting trait, has been found in many studies to contribute to the decision to commit suicide. The person may be facing a social or physical challenge and may see no way the situation can improve. When people feel they have lost all hope and dont feel able to change that, it can overshadow all of the good things in their life, making suicide seem like a viable option.   While it might seem obvious to an outside observer that things will get better, people with depression may not be able to see this due to the pessimism and despair that go along with this illness. Chronic Pain and Terminal Illnesses If a person has chronic pain or illness with no hope of a cure or reprieve from suffering, suicide may seem like a way to regain dignity and control of their life. In some states, assisted suicide is legal for this very reason. According to a study in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine, the following health conditions were associated with a higher risk of suicide:?? AsthmaBack painBrain injuryCancerCongestive heart failureDiabetesEpilepsyHIV/AIDSHeart diseaseHigh blood pressureMigraineParkinsons disease Chronic pain can also bring on anxiety and depression, which can also increase your risk of suicide. According to research, people with chronic pain are four times more likely to have depression or anxiety than those who are pain-free. Chronic Disease and Mental Health Belief Your Life Is a Burden to Others A person with chronic pain or a terminal illness can also feel like a burden to others, as it becomes harder and harder to ask for yet another ride to the doctors office or more help with household duties or assistance paying for hospital bills. In fact, many people who decide to commit suicide often state that their loved ones or the world, in general, would be better off without them. This type of rhetoric is a common warning sign of suicide. People often see themselves as a burden to others or feel worthless due to the overwhelming emotional burden they are carrying within. Social Isolation A person can become socially isolated for many reasons, including losing friends or a spouse, undergoing a separation or divorce, physical or mental illness, social anxiety, retirement, or due to a move to a new location. Social isolation can also be caused by internal factors such as low  self-esteem.  This can lead to loneliness and other risk factors of suicide such as depression and alcohol or drug misuse. The Health Consequences of Loneliness A Cry for Help Sometimes people attempt suicide not so much because they really want to die, but because they simply dont know how to get help. Suicide attempts are not a cry for attention but a cry for help. It becomes a way to demonstrate to the world just how much they are hurting. Unfortunately, these cries for help may sometimes prove to be fatal if the person misjudges the lethality of their chosen method. People who make a failed attempt are also at a much higher risk of trying again, and their second attempts are much more likely to be lethal.   Accidental Suicide There are some situations where what appears to be a suicide is actually an accidental death. The dangerous choking game (also known as “pass-out challenge,” “flatliner,” and space monkey”) where teens attempt to asphyxiate themselves in order to feel a high, as well as autoerotic asphyxiation, are examples. Accidental suicides can also include unintentional overdoses, poisonings, and firearm deaths. A Word From Verywell You may never know why a person committed suicide. While it might have appeared that someone had everything to live for, it probably didnt feel that way to them. If you or a friend are at risk of self-harm, the  National Suicide Prevention Lifeline  is available 24/7 for online chat or by phone by calling 800-273-8255.

The Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith - 1521 Words

In Adam Smith’s famous work, The Wealth of Nations, he references the idea of the â€Å"invisible hand† and its influence on the individual. An excerpt from Smith’s renown book reads, â€Å"[E]very individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it . . . he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention† (Harrison, 2011). A simple interpretation of Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand† concept is that the buying influence of the general consumer is unrecognized by the consumer them self. The consumer’s buying power not only controls were the money in the community is spent, but can also influence what is bought and sold. Lack of recognition of these two basic buying powers creates a market that is u ninhibited by consumer ideals and morals. Lately, the reach of market values has started encompass aspects of life that it once did not. Michael Sandel wrote in his essay, Markets and Morals, â€Å"The more money can buy, the more affluence matters† (Morals and Markets 43 ¬).The â€Å"invisible hand† of the market has always gripped the throats of the poor and now with an expansion of market values the grip is becoming tighter. In the essay â€Å"Markets and Morals†, Michael Sandel calls for attention to be directed at the spread of markets into other spheres of lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1659 Words   |  7 PagesAdam Smith, the author of â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†, was a Scottish moral philosopher during the Industrial Revolution who was inspired by his surroundings to write about the field of economics. Being a man of intellect on various types of philosophical views, Smith was able to portray his passionate feelings ab out political thought through his well-written works. 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Smith also provides evidence throughout The Wealth of Nations, proving that his method of labour division is the best way to develop the economy. The key behind Smith’s writing is to prove how division of labour will improve economic progress. Initially, Smith proposes the idea

Passing. Passing Is A Transcendental Novel That Its Focus

Passing Passing is a transcendental novel that its focus is not encompassed only in a unique group of people, but embraces and approaches a cross section of diverse categories involving sexuality, gender, â€Å"race,† and class distinction. All the non-accepted characteristics by society converge in Irene and Clare Kendry who are the main characters in Passing. Irene and Clare are Black light-skinned women who show an implicit sexual tension in their comments to each other. Furthermore, they address their lives in different directions. Clare decides to pass as a White woman and marry a White wealthy racist man who provides her a class and social stability, while Irene marries a Black doctor, and live a faà §ade of a happy marriage; although Clare†¦show more content†¦The question of identity might seem blurry since Clare and Irene are defined by non-traditional standards. Nonetheless, the key point is uniqueness, these characters cannot be oversimplified or stereotyped accor ding to their complexion or sexuality since they have a duality in â€Å"race,† for they can pass as white women. The author †¦ mentions, â€Å"Through the character of Clare, her body, and her actions, Passing deals with the binaries of race (black/white), gender (woman/man), sexuality (heterosexual/ homosexual), (13) and class (working-class/middle-class)† (Larsen 35). In the case of Clare, the reader can observe how Clare can camouflage in different scenarios whether with her sexuality, with her â€Å"race,† or maintaining a conversation with lower class individuals. Irene’s duality is subtle, she passes as a white woman, so she can enter to places like the Drayton without being perturbed, and her sexuality is a mystery. Clare Kendry and Irene have different points of view when it comes to the ideology of â€Å"race.† Irene is proud of being Black, and for her having a bond with her family and friends is primordial. On the other hand, Clare Kendry is not attached to any physical or blood belonging. However, both can have the privileges of being â€Å"multiracial.† An author †¦says, Physical features, namely skin color, are linked to attributes of intellect and behavior, establishing aShow MoreRelatedThe Book The Gift, By Vladimir Nabokov And Viktor Shklovsky2280 Words   |  10 Pagesemulate their experiences in both their lives in Russia and away from their home country. Such writers, Vladimir Nabokov and Viktor Shklovsky, while not overtly stating their experiences in exile in their work, clearly derive much from their lives. 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That he is regarded as God incarnate seems patently absurd. 4. It is not clear whether Selassie believed himself to be a God. 5. For Rastas, marijuana, which is illegalRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pageschoice of that social area within which the writer elects to situate the Nature of his language (p. 21). M.T. FILM LANGUAGE I PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO FILM 1 On the Impression of Reality in the Cinema In the days when the cinema was a novel and astonishing thing and its very existence seemed problematical, the literature of cinematography tended to be theoretical and fundamental. It was the age of Delluc, Epstein, Balà ¡zs, Eisenstein . . . Every film critic was something of a theoretician

Information Systems Management in Practice Free Essays

Information system is perceived as tools to automate business processes for better performance and productivity. It is viewed as a machine which takes input, possesses processing logic and gives a defined output which is further used to process jobs. It was strictly viewed as a catalyst in bulk processing of tasks and also those that are very difficult for human resources to take care. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems Management in Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Primarily the idea of information system was duly followed and businesses could use it often effectively for automating their business processes. Presently, the meaning of information system is quite different from traditional thinking. It is definitely used for automating tasks; however it is also used for mining of data for finding a new definition of information. The idea is to find the hidden meaning of information, intelligence in the information domain for an organization. The meaning of integration of various isolated business processes into a holistic integrated system is a new meaning of technology. The concept of information system is now exploited to bring out exceptional variants of fetching intelligence out of information and better and stronger connection of resources for better business advantage. The idea is to encourage better process development which would ensure right judgment of the business advantage. From the transition of simple systems to ERP and intelligent systems, information technology has taken a leap ahead in finding better solutions for business. The transition further would enhance better forms of use and seamlessly integrating with various latest handled devices for control and management of business processes. The combination of technology and communications would bind the technology closely with the needs of the organization and evolve to enable the organization for better prospects in future. The previous perceptions of information system have evolved with time and have become better to understand the organization and its needs. The information system perception from automated behavioral nature to intelligent devices has come a long way to decide the future rule of information systems over every part of human life and work. References McNurlin B. C. and Sprague R. H. (2009). Information Systems Management in Practice (8th Ed). Prentice Hall. How to cite Information Systems Management in Practice, Essays

Academic Writing for Journal of Food and Culture -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAcademic Writing for Journal of Food and Culture. Answer: Text 1: Text 1 Your summary of the main (overall) argument What points are used to support the main argument? What evidence is used to substantiate these supporting points? Tibbetts, J 2015, 'Freegans risk the hazards of dumpster diving', Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 185, no. 7, pp. 282-283. The chief argument of this article is whether dumpster diving is harmful for health or not. According to Quincy Brandt, who frequently undergoes dumpster diving for consuming priced objects like fancy cheeses, king crab legs and others, he has never gone through any illness due to dumpster diving. Along with young people who perform the act of dumpster diving for consuming prised food free of cost or for environmental good, several individuals are compelled perform dumpster diving due to financial insufficiency. While according to several physicians dumpster diving posses the potential to make individuals severely ill, very few cases are of illness due to dumpster diving are reported. According to Jim Chan, a public health official, dumpster divers unwillingness to report their illness is the chief reason behind lack of record of illness due to the mentioned act. According to Jim Chan and Eskow, dumpster diving has severe health risks. Heath risk of people who consume food from dumpster due to lack of money is much greater compared to other dumpster divers. People must have a reason for dumping food. Majority of chances are there that the food is defected. According to Thomas kerr, several diseases ranging from stomach upset, sprained ankles to fatal infection due to cuts are reported due to dumpster food consumption by poor individuals. Unlike other dumpster divers, homeless people are unable to wear protective gear or wash their food while dumpster diving and hence has greater tendency of falling ill. Text 2: Text 2 Your summary of the main (overall) argument What points are used to support the main argument? What evidence is used to substantiate these supporting points? Perera, C 2017, 'I am not buying things': why some people see 'dumpster diving' as the ethical way to eat',The Conversation, viewed 4February 2018, https://theconversation.com/i-am-not-buying-things-why-some-people-see-dumpster-diving-as-the-ethical-way-to-eat-86536. The chief argument of this article is that dumpster diving is an act that highlight the wastage of food by the food market of Australia. Considering the fact that approximately 20 billion dollars of edible food is wasted every year in Australia, a good number of citizens in Australia are considering dumpster diving to be one of the most effective way to reduce the huge amount of food wastage. In spite of the fact that, by dumpster diving, the divers are able to obtain edible foods free of cost, according to several dumpster diver, it is not the only reason behind dumpster diving. According to several interviewees, two of the chief reasons behind their act is environmental betterment and opposing the unsustainable food production. Other dumpster divers states that dumpster diving make them feel that they are bringing a positive change to the environment and thus generates a feeling of satisfaction. Some individuals find this act fun since they find dumpster diving similar to a treasur e hunting act. While some of the food chain retailers are supporting the act of dumpster diving, according to a majority of retailers, dumpster diving should be banned since it can cause serious injury due to consumption of unsafe food materials. According to some retailers, dumpster diving should be declared as an illegal act as it is similar to stealing. While dumpster diving cannot be considered as the ultimate remedy to food wastage, in order to completely eradicate food wastage, everybody, starting from retailers to consumers have a role to play. Both retailers and consumers should buy visually imperfect food materials to stop food wastage. Majority of the interviewees considers dumpster diving as an effective way to reduce waste, oppose the unsustainable food market of Australia and to create a sense of community. However, according to a good number of retailers, dumpster diving should be declared illegal and unsafe. The fact that a vegetables and fruits which are visually imperfect are not bought by the retailers and are thrown away eventually can be considered as an evidence for supporting dumpster diving. . Topic sentence: Dumpster diving though have a noble cause, is harmful for health. Supporting points: In spite of the fact that Freegans that is a mixture of free and vegan, have uplifted the concept of dumpster diving, which was initially looked down upon, several health risks has been encountered due to the act of dumpster diving. Every year, approximately 5.4 million Australians are found to be affected of food poisoning due to consumption of bacterial contaminated food. Mere washing of food picked up from dumpster, is often found to be not enough to remove the bacterial contamination (Vinegar, Parker and McCourt 2016). Especially during the summer, the foods inside the dumpster along with the dumpster itself grow bacteria. Risk of food getting rotten in the dumpster is also there. Pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella, Listeria an E. coli can breed in dumpster food during summer. Dumpster themselves breed bacteria and pests that include roaches, rodents and flies. Along with that, dumpster food can get in contact with chemicals as well as human and animal wastes like fecal matter a nd excretion. Other reasons behind throwing away foods by shoppers include the food has got spoiled or rotten. Researchers found that homeless individuals who consume food from dumpster are subjected to illness more than dumpster divers who are performing the act for environmental betterment (Lindeman 2012). Chief reasons behind that is, like other divers, they are unable to wear protective gears while diving into the dumpsters. Dumpsters often contain sharp materials like broken glasses and knife which may cause serious injury. Besides that, since they dont have a proper residence, they are unable to wash the food properly before consuming. Since the immunity system of homeless people is generally weaker than that of the other dumpster divers, homeless individuals are more prone to illness due to dumpster diving compared to other divers. Horrible infections due to cuts, ankle sprain and fatal stomach problems are not uncommon among homeless and financially weak individuals. Unfortunately these individuals are unlikely to seek medical treatment and as a result, evidence for illness due to dum pster diving are not enough to stop the mentioned act. While homeless individual do not report their illness due to lack of money, several dumpster divers do not disclose dumpster diving as the reason behind their illness due status issues. Considering the fact that dumpster diving can be harmful for the health of dumpster divers, alternative ways should be focused in order to deal with the issue of huge food wastage in Australia. An effective way to eradicate food wastage by the retailers and consumers is by increasing awareness among them. The government should organize campaigns and surveys in order to enhance awareness among the citizens and food retailers of Australia. Participation of each and every individual in the society is needed to stop the huge wastage of food. Retailers should not reject buying visually imperfect food from farmers (Thompson 2012). They should optimize their supply chain and reduce the amount of display food. Apart from that, foods which are approaching expiry date needs to be heavily discounted or donated to various charities present in Australia. While retailers should take the above mentioned steps, consumers should also contribute to the noble act of irradiating wastage of food by not r ejecting visually imperfect vegetables and fruits and by ordering only that amount of food which he or she is able to consume. Conclusion Sentence: Alternative ways of eradicating wastage of food should be focused on instead of dumpster diving. Reference list: Lindeman, S 2012. Trash eaters.Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture,12(1), pp.75-82. Perera, C 2017, 'I am not buying things': why some people see 'dumpster diving' as the ethical way to eat',The Conversation, viewed 4February 2018, https://theconversation.com/i-am-not-buying-things-why-some-people-see-dumpster-diving-as-the-ethical-way-to-eat-86536. Thompson, S.J., 2012. Traumatic stress among homeless young adults: Challenges and treatment issues.J Trauma Stress Disor Treat 1,1, p.2. Tibbetts, J 2015, 'Freegans risk the hazards of dumpster diving', Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 185, no. 7, pp. 282-283. Vinegar, R., Parker, P. and McCourt, G., 2016. More than a response to food insecurity: demographics and social networks of urban dumpster divers.Local Environment,21(2), pp.241-253.

What I Live For free essay sample

I tear through a sea of people, trying to get to the front. The runner in front of me stumbles, his shoe catching my shin. I feel the pain smoldering in my leg, but I don’t glance down. My vision focuses on the next guy. â€Å"Atta boy, Sammy! Catch the next guy, keep picking them off!† I barely hear my coach’s encouragement. I am pushing myself, reaching for my goal, and finding a new limit †¦ cross country.

Transcendentalism essays

Transcendentalism essays Transcendentalism was a movement in philosophy, literature, and religion that emerged and was popular in the nineteenth century New England because of a need to redefine man and his place in the world in response to a new and changing society. The industrial revolution, universities, westward expansion, urbanization and immigration all made the life in a city like Boston full of novelty and turbulence. Transcendentalism was a reaction to an impoverishment of religion and mechanization of consciousness of eighteenth century rational doctrines that ceased to be satisfying. After the success of the American Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, an American man emerged confident and energetic. However, with the release of nervous energy, an American was forced to look at a different angle at his place in the world and society. The world of the nineteenth century Boston was that of emergence of new currents of thought in response to the conservative atmosphere. The wealthy upper classes (the aristocracy) were conservative and suspicious of any innovations. They dominated the society and demanded conformity to their social ideals, being suspicious of any new structure of society. The irony was that by their reliance on tradition and old beliefs (such as Puritanism) they acknowledged the harmony with cosmic law. Old values and traditions would serve as a base to Transcendentalism, although a radical movement in itself. In the nineteenth century America plunged into the Industrial Revolution. In the eighteenth century, goods were produced in home system operations. The remarkable development of capitalism in Boston became evident after the French and Indian war of 1812. Two of huge factories privately owned in Boston were Francis Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Company in Waltham and Merrimack Manufacturing Company in Lowell. As the role of women in society became more indiscriminate, young females dominated factory towns such as Lowel...

The future of Private and Public pension provision in the next five Essay

The future of Private and Public pension provision in the next five years in Mauritius - Essay Example Pension system is Mauritius was established in the early 1950s, non-contributory pensions are now received by the majority of the residents aged over 60 (Willmore, 2003, Vittas, 2003). Since 1974 pension coverage in the country has been universal, i.e. there is a fixed division into four age groups (60-74 years old; 75-85; 86-99 and 100+, due to overall longevity in the state). The average basic universal pension is about 57 USD (Bailey, 2004, Gopee, 2006). In Mauritius, non-occupational pension consists of several components, such as Basic Retirement Pension, the National Pensions Fund and the Civil Service Pension Scheme and is regulated by strong legal basis (Philip, 1995). Non-occupational pension schemes include basic retirement pension, financed from general taxes, and its current ratio constitutes 3 per cent of annual GDP, but an estimated ratio for 2020 is 6 per cent (GAD, 2001a), due to the ageing trends in population structure. National Pensions Fund is also a part of non-occupational pension provision, as the NPF is an obligatory model which takes into account all private sector organizations employees, excepting those who gain very low wages and some workers involved into sugar industry. Compulsory contributions constituting about 3-9 per cent of overall earnings result in the accumulation of points on the basis of the declared cost of a point for the certain period (Willmore, 2003). National Savings Fund is a third compone nt of non-occupational pension provision and requires of participants certain contributions (2-3 per cent of income) on the mandatory basis (Mauritius Modernizing and Advanced Pension System, 2004). The NSF funds are normally invested into government security, thus the resources themselves are not accumulated, but spent immediately after the employee’s contribution. The other universal social aids and assistances under the NPS’s responsibility include: 1)

Conflict Diamond Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict Diamond - Speech or Presentation Example In the late 1990s, this trade caught the attention of the world as the protracted conflict in Sierra Leone reached its devastating climax. It is not just Sierra Leone that has suffered – diamonds have fuelled or exacerbated conflicts in Angola, Liberia, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo. These diamonds are regularly produced through the forced labor of men, women and children, or stolen during violent attacks on legitimate mining operations (geology.com). They have, on several occasions, been the main source of funding for brutal rebel groups. Due to the huge amount of money at stake in the illegal diamond trade, bribes, threats and torture often accompany the mining. In Liberia, between 1989 and 2003, there were two civil wars which killed perhaps 250,000 people, while displacing a further 1.3 million (globalwitness.org). Former Liberian President Charles Taylor has used his diamond mines to fund a military campaign against civilians in L iberia and Sierra Leone, and is currently on trial in the International Court of Human Rights. In Ivory Coast, a civil war was sparked off in 2002, and even now, the country remains divided, with widespread human rights violations. Sierra Leone is perhaps the worst example of what blood diamonds can do to a country. Legitimate diamonds once provided the mainstay of the government’s revenues. Gradually, as rebel groups in the east of the country gained control over the mines, these revenues were reduced to nothing. By August 1993, even before the civil war had escalated, the total revenues reaching the government in Freetown amounted to some $8,000 (Dowden, 294). Meanwhile, in the mines, children were being sent down into tiny tunnels, while soft gravel above them regularly collapsed and buried them. The greed engendered by the illegitimate trade in diamonds led to a breakdown of traditional society. Visiting a village in 1993, Richard Dowden spoke to a local doctor who commen ted, ‘There is no trust – not even between these brothers who dig together. We have many killings. A lot of people disappear’ (296). Once Civil War broke out, all this worsened. The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ruined the country’s interior. Bankrolled by diamonds, it raided villages, killing the inhabitants or cutting off their hands. Children were forced to become soldiers, and to kill their families and take drugs. They murdered and raped their way through the country, so that, by the end of the war, it was at the bottom of the United Nations Development Index. Let us consider the alternative. If diamonds are mined legitimately, under license from a popularly-elected and accountable government, and processed legitimately, and sold legitimately, to Western jewelers who insist upon certificates confirming the provenance of the diamonds, the revenues from these sales will be fed back into the revenues of the resource-rich states. A country currently re eling from decades of devastating war can use such revenues to build and rebuild schools, hospitals, roads, railways, and even to rebuild lives, by offering those scarred by the conflict a second chance. By taking the diamonds out of the hands of brutal militias, and into the hands of legitimate governments, we can promote sustainable development in a troubled and impoverished region. For confirmation of this, we need only look to those African countries which have managed their

Americanism In Back To The Future Film Studies Essay

Americanism In Back To The Future Film Studies Essay If you put your mind to it you can accomplish anything: Constructions of America across the space-time continuum. Robert Zemeckis Back to the Future is a motion picture classic. The time traveling Delorean and the Marty McFly character are imprinted upon the minds of audiences all over the world. The American government recognized the movies significance to American culture by inducting it into the archives of the National Film Registry in 2007. This induction officially made the movie a culturally, historically or aesthetically significant work to be preserved for all time, thus labeling it as an important non-traditional cultural text in the context of American society. In his article Reconfiguring Academic Disciplines Paul Lautner presents the analysis of these kinds of non-traditional cultural texts as being a vital part of the American Studies discipline. He reasons they help construct the frameworks, fashion the metaphors, create the very language by which people comprehend their experiences and think about their world. Using Lautners approach, this essay will examine the significance of the first Back to the Future movie for key aspects of American culture and society. Topics that will be discussed are American exceptionalism, American identity, American myths, American political rhetoric of the 1980s and popular culture. The movie starts off in the year 1985 and focuses on seventeen year old Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox), who is part of a lower-middle-class family living in suburbia. His father, called George McFly, is afraid to stand up for himself and his mother, called Lorraine McFly, is an alcoholic. Martys friend Doc Brown (Christopher Lloyd) has created a time machine which takes Marty across the space-time continuum back to the year 1955, the year that his parents fell in love. At the movies first turning point, he endangers his future existence by accidently preventing his parents meeting. Thus, Marty spends the rest of the movie solving this. He helps his future father stand up for himself and makes his parents fall in love at the high school dance while playing rock and roll music. In the end, Martys actions changed the future, because when he returns to 1985 he sees that his family has transformed into yuppies who live in upper-middle-class suburbia. This is the exact opposite of the family life Marty left at the beginning of the movie. Having explained the movies plot, one can take a more in-depth look at the movies cultural significance. First of all, American exceptionalism, often defined as being the way in which America differs from other nations. The movie shows idealized versions of the typical American way of life in the 1950s and 1980s. These time periods show how Americaness is also deeply rooted within American history itself as it provides a distinct American identity. The 1950s are pictured as being peaceful, conservative and family oriented. Traditional values maintained the importance of community and family life. In 1955, Marty is warmly welcomed by Lorraines family who lives in quaint suburbia. Lorraines mother is a happy housewife, who cooks dinner and takes care of the children, while her father supports the family. As for the town, it looks clean and fresh during Martys exploration accompanied by the upbeat song Mr. Sandman. In contrast, the 1980s at the beginning of the movie look miserable. Mar tys family flaws and failures are expressed and there is no happy family life. The town square is filled with litter, almost to a point where it becomes cartoonish. Martys house stands in a run down neighborhood and its interior looks old and smudgy. However, at the end of the movie, Martys home and family have transformed into the 1980s version of idealized America. His home looks newly build and his family is all smiling faces wearing slick looking clothes and having a BMW standing in the driveway. These developments promote a celebration of Americanness, it is part of the 1980s version of the American Dream. The filmmakers commentary state that European reviews were very critical of this outcome. An internet search was unable to locate these reviews, but according to the filmmakers they did not agree with the fact that the movie equated happiness with material possessions. However, once again according to the filmmakers, not one American critic commented on this. Therefore, exemp lifying how exceptional America is on a cross-cultural level. Moreover, the movie also promotes Americas exceptionalism by focusing on individualism, an important element of Americanness. Martys individual actions changed his future. Related to this is the notion that the movie sees the future as having unlimited possibilities. It treats the future as the new frontier, hence comparing it to Wild West. This frontier is the origin of the strong sense of freedom and individualism deemed essential in American life. Throughout the movie, Marty is constantly reminded of his individual freedom and liberty as demonstrated by the often recurring line If you put your mind to it you can accomplish anything. Political rhetoric of the 1980s embraced this mindset. It is no secret that President Ronald Reagan loved this movie, because of this message and the fact that he was the subject of a joke. Reagan even quoted the movie in his 1986 State of Union address: As they said in the film Back to the Future,Where were going, we dont need roads. Once again promo ting Americas access to unlimited possibilities and its exceptionalism in contrast to other nations. However, the movie also expresses the double-edged characteristic of American exceptionalism, an idea put forward by Seymour Martin Lipset in Exceptionalism: A Double Edged Sword. Lipset explains that America is a country of contrasts. High morality is promoted in society, yet Martys morality is constantly being challenged. It starts off high by not willing to seduce his mother, but it declines rapidly when he finds out that it is an essential part in the scheme of making his parents fall in love. This also suggest that Marty is more concerned with the ends rather than with the means. He is willing to seduce his mother if it helps secure his future. This focus on the ends rather than on the means is typical for American identity according to Lipset. He states that Americans put a lot of stress on success which often leads to a decline of morality. Criticism on the movies showing of American exceptionalism is centered on the argument that it mostly focuses on white heterosexual middle class America. The filmmakers included a small subplot on an African-American male, who starts off being a cleaner and ends up being the major of the town, but this storyline feels very forced. Thus, the movie mainly addresses the experience of one specific group in explaining America, at the expense of other groups. This kind of criticism relates to Neil Campbell and Alasdair Kean perspectives on the subject matter. They explain that subordinate groups are not completely ignored, but they are given a certain position within the dominant group. Thus, Back to the Future gives the African-American male an identity within white society. An issue related to this idea is Martys redefinition of the racial history of rock and roll music. Marty plays the song Johnny B Goode at the school dance. Chuck Berrys cousin hears this and calls Chuck Berry to tell him that they found their much needed new sound. It is possible to overanalyze this segment as being part of a white supremacy narrative, but it is better to accept it as a joke made by the filmmakers. The plot is temporarily stopped to demonstrate Michael J. Foxs comedic guitar playing skills. Nevertheless, white hegemony remains the consensus in the movie and this consensus is incorporated into the prevalent power structure with the help of ideologies and cultural myths. These ideologies and myths help construct an American identity. There are three prevalent American myths present in Back to the Future. They are incorporated into the overarching ideology of the American Dream. First, the myth of small town America. Small town life is pictured as being the perfect definition of American society. The localized life excludes Big Corporations and the Big Government which fulfills Americans desire to be free. The second myth deals with the suburban dream. This myth is embodied by the McFly family at the end of the movie. Their happiness sends across the message that every American should pursue such a life, because it is within everyones reach. The third myth concerns the idea of the scientist who in his own garage invents something which can change the world. I.e. Doc Browns DeLorean. Thus, the ideal of living happily without needing any help from big corporations or the government is once again promoted. This also refers back to Americas strong sense of individualism. These three myths are used as discourse for the construction of Martys America and they serve as ideologies. They convey and reinforce an image of both 1950s and 1980s America. In addition, the movie touches upon Americas fascination with the past and its attempt to reconciliate between the past and present. The time traveling aspect addresses this attempt of reconciliation, while the 1950s outlook shows a nostalgia for the past. This nostalgia is much in line with Reagans 1980s political rhetoric. He had a 1950s conservative outlook, as he promoted traditional values and gender roles. However, 1950s Lorraine challenges these values and roles by drinking, smoking and being assertive. The filmmakers specifically state that they rebelled against Reaganite politics by addressing parts of the rebelliousness of 1980s teen movies. Consequently presenting a vision of American youth challenging power and authority. Moreover, youth practices are used as a junction point for various discourses within the story. For example, the school dance being the crucial place where Martys parents fall in love. Overall, the movie prefers to connect to youngness and newness. Two notions which America prefers to associate itself with. Teen culture is put into the spotlight, thus demonstrating America as a place of renewal. Lastly, by being part of popular culture, Back to the Future helps American society understand itself better as M. Thomas Inge reasons in his introduction to American popular culture. The movie analyses American society by giving a sketch of American culture in the 1950s and 1980s. However, the 1950s and 1980s that the movie shows are specifically developed for the story. I.e. Back to the Future provides interpretations of those time periods. Thus, the 1950s images are constructions and fabrications in themselves. The portrayed 1950s cannot be considered to be more real for an audience who experienced the 1950s firsthand than for the 1980s teen target audience. Hence the movie fits within a postmodern perspective, because it creates one cultural memory narrative. This particular approach to filmmaking is probably what made the sequels so successful. The interpretations of the past, present and future make the movies fascinating. To conclude, Martys adventure enabled him to take a step back from his culture to understand his own 1980s reality, consequently learning to see events in their particular form and context. This essay attempted to follow in Martys footsteps. By critically analyzing Back to the Future audiences are able to reconstruct and renegotiate American identity and exceptionalism both from a 1980s and 1950s perspective, even though they are Hollywood fabricated. These perspectives can then be incorporated into a broad overview of American culture which helps form answers to the question: what is America?. This essay cannot provide definite answers to this question, but Marty McFly himself seems to have found his answer to it. He negotiates his identity and constructs his reality through a discourse centered around the motto If you put your mind to it you can accomplish anything. This encompasses his America, it is a variable within the grand narrative of American identity construction.

Myopia In Asian Countries Health And Social Care Essay

Vision consequences from entryway of visible radiation into the oculus and the reading of this stimulation by the encephalon. For a normal oculus, visible radiation is focused to a topographic point on the retina. This message would so be sent to the encephalon to be interpreted as a message. Ocular sharp-sightedness is defined as the lucidity or acuteness of vision, which is the ability of the oculus to see and separate mulct inside informations. [ 1 ] . The cornea is the most powerful refracting surface of the optical system of the oculus, accounting for two-thirds of the oculus ‘s focusing power. Production of a crisp image at the retinal receptors requires corneal transparence and appropriate refractile power. The refractile power of the cornea depends on its curvature and the difference in refractile indexes between it and air [ 9 ] . Refractive mistakes occur when the curve of the cornea is irregularly shaped ( excessively steep or excessively level ) . When the cornea is of normal form and curvature, it bends, or refracts, visible radiation on the retina with preciseness. However, when the curve of the cornea is irregularly shaped, the cornea bends light amiss on the retina.A [ 15 ] When the cornea is curved excessively much, or if the oculus is excessively long, far-off objects will look blurry because they are focused in forepart of the retina. This is called nearsightedness, or nearsightedness. Hyperopia, or presbyopia, is the antonym of nearsightedness. Distant objects are clear, and close-up objects appear blurry. With hypermetropia, images focus on a point beyond the retina. Hyperopia consequences from an oculus that is excessively short. Astigmatism is a status in which the uneven curvature of the cornea fuzzs and distorts both distant and close objects. A normal cornea is round, with even curves from side to side and exceed to bottom. With astigmia, the cornea is curved more in one way than in another. This causes light beams to hold more than one focal point and concentrate on two separate countries of the retina, falsifying the ocular image. [ 15 ] Measurement of corneal curvature/power can be performed with a assortment of instruments, most normally aA keratometer, A IOLMaster, orA corneal topographyA device. Corneal curvature is normally used forA IOLA computations and cornealA refractile surgery. It is besides helpful for contact lens fitting and observing irregular astigmia. [ 5 ] The primary purpose of this survey is to look into the relationship between corneal curvature and grade of refractile mistake among emmetropic and myopic immature population in Malaysia and to find the standard value of corneal curvature of immature population.1.2 Research inquiryQuestion 1: Does corneal curvature vary significantly with different province of refractile mistake? Question 2: What are the scope of readings of corneal curvature of emmetropic and myopic immature topics? Question 3: Is there any different between horizontal and perpendicular curvature of the cornea?1.3 Aims of the survey1.3.1 General aimThe general aim of this survey is to look into the relationship between corneal curvature and refractile position among emmetropic and myopic immature patients in IIUM Kuantan Campus.1.3.2 Specific aimsTo find whether corneal curvature varies significantly with refractile mistake. To compare the readings of corneal curvature between emmetropic and myopic immature topics. To place the normal scope of corneal curvature for emmetropic and myopic immature topics. To place whether there is any different between horizontal and perpendicular curvature of the cornea. To look into the function of corneal curvature in refractile province among Malayan population.Hypothesis of the surveyThere is no important relationship between corneal curvature and refractile position.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Prevalence of nearsightedness in Asiatic statesNational Eye Survey done in Malaysia [ 2,3 ] found the prevalence of ocular damage was 2.7 % . The prevalence was higher in rural countries ( 2.9 % ) as compared to urban countries ( 2.5 % ) . The prevalence of ocular damage in rural population in Selangor has been reported to change from 5.6 % to 18.9 % in which they found that among the patients go toing the Eye Clinic at University Malaya Medical Centre, the most common cause of ocular damage in kids was refractile mistakes, whereas in aged patient ocular damage is due to cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. [ 4 ] Myopia is a common cause for ocular damage among immature population in Asia. Estimates of the proportion of nearsightedness in the immature population in Asia ranged from 30 % to 65 % ( Saw et al. 1996 ; Chow et al. 1990 ) , and the prevalence was found to be greater among Chinese people ( Wensor et al. 1999 ; Sperduto et Al. 1983 ) . In Malaysia, the prevalence of nearsightedness found among Malay, Chinese and Indian schoolchildren was 47 % , 20 % and 19.4 % severally ( Garner et al.1990 ; Chung et Al. 1995 ; Saadah et Al. 2002 ) . With the increasing rates of nearsightedness, orthokeratology and refractile surgery such as LASIK, has become rather popular in Asia. When set abouting such processs to rectify nearsightedness, corneal curvature is an of import consideration in order to forestall the cornea from going excessively level after the intervention. [ 6 ]2.2 The importance of corneal curvatureCorneal curvature is normally used forA IOLA computations and cornealA refractile sur gery. It is besides helpful for contact lens fitting and observing irregular astigmia ( Friedman, 2009 ) . Measurements of cardinal and peripheral corneal curvature are utile for naming and supervising corneal conditions such as keratoconus and for supervising corneal form following optic surgery6-10 or refractile processs such as orthokeratology. [ 13 ] Liu Z. , Pflugfelder SC, ( 2000 ) studied on the effects of long-run contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity. They found that the corneal curvature, maximal keratometry ( Max K ) and minimal keratometry ( Min K ) readings, were significantly steeper in eyes have oning contact lenses than normal eyes ( PA & lt ; 0.01 for Max K and Min K measured by both instruments ) .In foregrounding the importance of corneal curvature in IOL computations, Schena LB ( 2008 ) cited from Dr. Majmudar, in patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres ( based on keratometer measurings ) . However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if testers merely rely on the topography, they may be off, and for every 1 dioptr e off in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile result. [ 11 ]Besides that, keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation by observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A [ 16 ]Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Keratometry plays a critical function in the truth of IOL power computation, observing and mensurating astigmia by finding the steepest and flattest acmes of the corneal surface.A Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who ha ve non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and th e value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurat ing the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile outcome. † Dr. Majmudar explained that keratometers measure the curvature of the anterior surface about 3.2 millimeter from the centre of the cornea. â€Å" In patients who have non undergone old surgery, the value at the centre of the cornea is approximately the same as the value at 3.2 millimetres, † he said. â€Å" However, patients who have undergone LASIK or PRK can hold altered corneas, and the value at the cardinal cornea, which is the end of measuring, may be really different from that at 3.2 millimetres. Consequently, if you merely trust on the topography, you may be off, and for every 1 dioptre you are away in mensurating the corneal curvature, a approximately 1 dioptre misreckoning will ensue for the patient ‘s refractile result. â€Å" Top of Form Bariah et Al. ( 2009 ) suggested that every demographic has a different norm and scope of corneal curvature values and its relationship to the grade of nearsightedness among normal population.2.3 Corneal curvature in hyperope, emmetrope and myopeIn research by Bariah et Al. ( 2009 ) , consequences from keratometer measuring indicated that the mean of corneal curvature for the all myopic immature topics was 7.74 A ± 0.52 millimeter, with 7.87 A ± 0.28 millimeter for Chinese topics and 7.60 A ± 0.66 millimeter for Malays. In survey by Mainstone JC et Al ( 2010 ) , the correlativity between corneal radius of curvature and spherical equivalent refractile mistake was non statistically important ( r2 = 0.038, p =0.2609 ) . A antecedently study by Carney LG et Al. showed that there is a inclination for the cornea to flatten less quickly in the fringe with increasing nearsightedness. This suggests that there are corneal form alterations that occur in nearsighted eyes, possibly as a consequence of unnatural optic growing, that are non seen in hypermetropic eyes because a different mechanism of refractile mistake development operates in this latter group. However, a research by Bariah et Al ( 2009 ) with average refractile mistake in spherical equivalent was -3.50 A ± 2.10 DS, they found that there is hapless correlativities between myopic refractile mistake and corneal curvature ( r = 0.246, P & gt ; 0.05 ) . On the other manus, a recent survey by Iyamu E et Al. ( 2010 ) on a Nigerian population found that there was a important positive correlativity between corneal curvature and spherical tantamount refraction. ANOVA showed that the difference in average corneal curvature across the refractile position groups was statistically important ( F = 27.9, df = 2, 67, P & lt ; 0.0001 ) . Post hoc trial with Fisher ‘s LSD showed that myopes had steeper corneas than the other two groups ( steeper by 0.27 millimeters than that of hyperopes, and 0.28 millimeter than that of emmetropes ) . The additive arrested development theoretical account is represented by: CRC = 7.853 + 0.069SER. From the equation it can be predicted that for every 1.00D addition in nearsightedness, the cornea is steepened by about 0.07 millimeters.2.4 Measuring corneal curvature utilizing PentacamA ®The Pentacam has become a popular clinical device for measuring the anterior section of the oculus since its launch in 200 4. It contains a Scheimpflug camera that rotates through 360 grades and captures 25 or 50 Scheimpflug slit images within two seconds. Each image shows a cross-section of the cornea and the anterior section. The images contain 500 informations points and up to 25,000 points ( 50 slits A? 500 informations points ) are measured to assorted parametric quantities and to build a 3-dimensional cornea. The Pentacam is capable of mensurating topographic corneal thickness, anterior and posterior corneal topography, anterior chamber deepness and angle and corneal aberrances. It besides provides parametric quantities such as corneal volume and keratometric power difference, which offer new and proficient analyses of the cornea, severally. [ 13 ] For historical grounds, most Placido topographers and keratometers use the refractile index of 1.3375 for the refractile power of the cornea. This refractile index is really wrong even for the untreated oculus ( n~1,332 ) and assumes a changeless ratio between the front tooth and posterior curvature of the cornea. As many IOL power computation expressions use the wrong ‘K-reading ‘ straight an empirical rectification is needed in the terminal to set the correct IOL power in these expressions even in normal instances. [ 12 ] In a survey by Chen D. et Al, the Pentacam system was shown to be extremely dependable in the Sim K measurings, at both the front tooth and posterior corneal surfaces ( Cronbach ‘s alpha trial, I ± a†°? 0.990 ; intraclass correlativity coefficient, ICC a†°? 0.972 ) . The Orbscan is another normally used corneal topographer. It is based on a intercrossed system integrating both the Placido phonograph record and scanning slit rules. Similar to the Pentacam, the Orbscan is non-invasive, simple to utilize and quick, nevertheless, old surveies found the Orbscan to hold questionable public presentation in topographic pachymetry and in the rating of anterior21 and posterior corneal curvatures. [ 14 ]Chapter 3MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy countryLocation of survey is at Clinic of Optometry International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan.3.2 Study designThe survey is an experimental case-control survey. The parametric quantities for the collected informations will be performed on both eyes. Data will be collected from each topic on a individual visit.3.3 Subject of the survey3.3.1 Sampling of the surveySampling of the survey is convenient trying. Subjects who fulfilled the inclusion standards for the survey are invited to take part in the survey.Sample si zeThe sample size will be based on the survey by Bariah et Al ( 2009 ) â€Å" Corneal Thickness and Curvature of One Sample of Young Myopic Population in Malaysia † where the topics consisted of 84 myopic university. Should mention the latest paper with groups comparison â€Å" Ocular Dimensions of Young Malays in Malaysia † ( Bariah Mohd-Ali, and Muhammad Afzam Shah Abdul-Rahim, and Zainora Mohammed, and Norhani Mohidin, ( 2011 ) Ocular dimensions of immature Malayans in Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 9 ( 1 ) . pp. 35-39. ISSN 1675-8161. On the sample size computation, refer to relevant old paper and enter the respective values ( mean, standard divergence etc. ) in this web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stat.ubc.ca/~rollin/stats/ssize/n2.htmlSample of the surveySample of the survey comprised of groups of emmetropic and myopic immature topics.Subject ‘s inclusion standardsAge between 20 to 26 old ages old. VA at distance 6/6 or better. VA at near N5 at 33 centimeter or better. Refractive power between +0.50 DS to -0.50 DS and a†°? – 2.00 Darmstadtium Non-contact lens wearer. Soft contact lens wearer less than 5 old ages are permitted provided lenses were non worn on the twenty-four hours of proving Good optic wellness tested with slit lamp and fundus scrutiny. Good general wellness taken from self-report.Subject ‘s exclusion standardsRigid contact lens wearer History of corneal abnormalcy, refractile surgery or orthokeratology intervention.3.4 Study tools and processWithin survey sites, clinical scrutinies are by and large performed at one location ( IIUM Optometry clinic ) . Before clinical eyes scrutiny is performed on the participant, they will be asked for a complete personal and household general wellness and oculus wellness history. Later, participants underwent an extended and standardised scrutiny process, which included ocular sharp-sightedness ( VA ) testing, refraction and a elaborate optic slit lamp and fundus scrutiny The ocular Acuity ( VA ) will be measured utilizing a Snellen chart at 6m. Measurement of refractile position will be conducted utilizing subjective refraction with cross cylinder. Subjects were categorized into emmetropia, hypermetropia and nearsightedness utilizing the spherical tantamount refraction. Classification was done based on: Emmetropia a†°Ã‚ ¤A ± 0.50DS and Myopia a†°? 2.00DS. Following, measuring of corneal curvature will be taken utilizing Pentacam ( Oculus, Inc. , Germany ) . Average corneal curvature ( AVK ) was obtained by the norm of the horizontal and perpendicular corneal curvature. Finally, the external oculus and anterior section ( eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, flag, and student ) will be examined with slit lamp, and followed by scrutiny of media and fundus utilizing indirect opthmoscopy and fundus camera.3.5 Data analysisThe natural informations are keyed in and organized utilizing statistical package SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Science ) v ersion 17.0. The information will be analyzed utilizing the same package. Statistical analyses being employed are: Normality trial on each information set utilizing Histogram. important degree: 0.05 for 95 % CI Descriptive analysis ( average, standard divergence, average and frequence ) . One-way analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) will be used to compare the average corneal radius of curvature across the refractile position groups The relationships among parametric quantities will be tested utilizing Pearson ‘s correlativity and additive arrested development analysis.3.6 Ethical considerationEthical blessing will be acquired from the ethical commission of Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ) . Engagement in this survey is on a voluntary footing and participants will be asked to subscribe the consent signifier if they agree to take part in this survey. A written consent will be acquired prior to informations aggregation ( Appendix B ) . In this consent signifier, campaigners will be informed that they will move as ‘subject ‘ in this survey. Participants will be given account on the processs involved in this survey before informations aggregation is performed.The process is considered safe because it is non-invasive. Furthermore, the participants ‘ informations is confidential to public. Any inquiry from the topic will be answered consequently. Participants may besides retreat from this survey at any clip.

The Life of Alfred Binet

On July 8, 1857, Alfred Binet was born in Nice, France. He took a different tack than most psychologists of his day: he was interested in the workings of the normal mind rather than the pathology of mental illness. He wanted to find a way to measure the ability to think and reason, apart from education in any particular field (PBS, 1998). Over time, Binet became one of the most prominent psychologists in French history. After receiving his formal education in Nice and Paris, Binet became a lawyer. However, this profession did not please him. He became fascinated with the work of French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot, who was studying hypnosis. In 1878, he abandoned his law career and devoted himself to medical and scientific studies at the Salpà ªtriere Hospital in Paris, where Charcot was working. In 1884, Alfred married Laure Balbiani. Her father, E.G. Balbiani, was an embryologist at the College de France. Alfred was given the opportunity to work in his lab where his interest changed from comparative psychology to natural science. Research for his doctorate focused on the behavior, physiology, histology and anatomy of insects (Wolfe, 1973). While working in Dr. Balbiani†s lab, Binet wrote Animal Magnetism. Binet†s next area of interest was in the field of child psychology. He developed and tried a wide range of tests and puzzles on his own daughters Madeleine and Alice. It was through this study of his daughters that he began to discover the importance of attention span on the development of adult intelligence. It was at this point that he came to realize that individual differences had to be systematically explored before one could determine laws which would apply to all people (Pollack, 1995). Binet went on to became director of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne in Paris. While at the Sorbonne, he founded the first French journal devoted to psychology, L†Annee Psychologique. Binet used the journal to publish the results of his research studies. The journal is still in circulation. In 1900, Binet and Ferdinand Buisson established, La Societe Libre Pour L†Etude Psychologique de L†Enfant (The Free Society for the Psychological Study of Children), a Paris laboratory for child study and experimental teaching. It was later renamed La Societe Alfred Binet et Thedore Simon. The laboratory†s concerns dealt with practical problems in the school setting. Parisian school authorities asked Binet to develop a method to identify children who were unable to learn at a normal rate. He went on to develop a method that could measure the intelligence of every child as dull, bright, or normal (Newland, 1998). Binet determined that complex problems, especially those involving abstract thinking, were best for separating the bright and dull students. Since problem-solving ability grows rapidly during childhood, Binet decided to make an age scale of intelligence. He chose tasks for each age level that could be performed by most youngsters of that age but that could not be done by the majority of children a year younger. In 1905, Binet and Theodore Simon published a scale of intelligence for children from 3 to 13. Binet hoped his test would be used to improve children†s education, but he also feared it would be used to label children and limit their opportunities (Myers, 1981). Since 1905, several adaptations and revisions of the Binet-Simon scales have been published all around the world. On October 18, 1911, while revising intelligence scales, he died. Despite his great achievements, he was never fully appreciated, especially by the French. His work was diverse, showing interest in the person as a whole. While Binet never provided any firm theories, his work was often the precursor of more detailed and profound research.

Does Il Est Évident Need the Subjunctive

The French expression il est à ©vident / cest à ©vident means it is obvious, and it may require the subjunctive, depending on whether it is used affirmatively, negatively or interrogatively. When used affirmatively, il est à ©vident does not require the subjunctive.   Example Il est à ©vident / Cest à ©vident quil le fait.Its obvious that hes doing it. But when the phrase is structured in the negative or the interrogative—therefore expresses doubt or uncertainty—it calls for the subjunctive. Examples Il nest pas à ©vident / Ce nest pas à ©vident quil le fasse.Its not obvious that hell do it. (Note: Its not obvious that hell do it is not the same as Its obvious that hell not do it. The latter is an affirmative use of the term and would require the indicative, as a result.) Est-il à ©vident / Est-ce à ©vident quil le fasse?Is it obvious that hell do it?